BIG BANG

BIG BANG

By : Muhammad Muhibbuddin

How can the universe be like this? How did universe come into being? How is origin of universe ? How is the universe created? Although several scientists and thinkers affirm that the universe is eternal and it does not have a beginning, but the existence of the universe remains to provide a curiosity regarded its origins. 

 If all of things exist based on a certain mode, either by design or chance, of course  they are in certain process to come into being. The question : how is process of universe to present into being? This question in fact caused some theories of origin of universe.

A theory of the origin of universe, such as twin star. This theory was expressed by Fred Hoyle (1915~2001) in 1956. This theory said that in years ago the cosmos consisted of two stars which had had the same measure and their position is close each other. In the following process, one of them exploded and the chips moved to circle the other one and became planets. 

Another theory is planetesimal invented by Thomas C. Chamberlin and Forest Ray Moulton from the university of Chicago. This theory stated that planets were formed out of cosmic dust grains that collide and then expand to be larger and larger bodies. When the bodies reached approximately one kilometer, then they could pull each other directly through their mutual gravity, and in the next step enormously growth into moon-sized protoplanets.

But one theory of universe prevailing until now is Big Bang theory. Nowdays, the valid theory to explain or illustrate the origin of universe is Big Bang. Because, this theory is considerated having a consistence of logic and correspondence with empirical fact. What is the Big Bang theory?

Big Bang and the Origin of the Universe

Big Bang theory is a prevailing universe model from the earliest  periods through its  very long time evolution in the large scale for the next time. Big Bang affirms that this universe expands form very high density and high temperature state. It means that the emergence of  universe  in Big Bang theory, is out of very high temperature and density. Big Bang theory also provides a comprehensive description for a broad field of phenomena, including the abundance of light elements, the cosmic microwave background, large scale structure, and Hubble's Law.

Picture illustrating Big Bang Theory

Picture is from https://www.google.co.id

Big Bang of the universe approximately happened 13.8 billion years ago famed as the age of universe. Historically, Big Bang in the first time was proposed by Russian mathematician, Aleksander Friedman and Belgian astronomer George Lemaître in 1920s. Subsequently, this theory was developed by Russian-born American Physic, George Garnow  with his partner in 1940s. And in 1929, American scientist, Edwin Hubble, showed that galaxies are drifting apart. What Hubble exhibited was an very important observational evidence which was consistent with the hypothesis of an expanding universe. In 1965, the cosmic microwave was discovered, which was very significant evidence for cosmological model of Big Bang.

According to Big Bang theory, the universe or cosmos expanded rapidly from a highly compressed primordial state, which caused a significant decrease in density and temperature. Shortly, based on Big Bang model, the universe expanded from an extremely dense and hot state and continues to expand on and on. Soon afterward, the dominance of matter over antimatter, like to be observed today, may have been established by processes  also predicting proton decay. During this stage, a lot of types of elementary particles may have been presented.

Picture describing the expanding of universe based on Big Bang model

The picture is from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang

After a few seconds, the universe cooled enough allowing to create a formation of certain nucleus. The theory predicts that definite amounts of hydrogen, helium, and lithium were produced. Their abundances accordence with what is observed today. For about one million years later, the universe was adeqautely cool for atom to shape. The radiation filling the universe was free to traverse space. 

Big Bang model was also more supported by Hubble’s observation. Hubble observed that the distance of faraway galaxies were strongly correlated with their redshift---the phenomena happens when light or other electromagnetic radiation from an object is increased in wavelength, or shifted to the red end of the spectrum. This event was interpreted to mean that all distant galaxies and clusters are receding away from our vantage point with an proportional velocity for their distance : that is, the farther they are, the faster they move away from us, regardless of direction (Hubble:1929, 168–73).